Brodmann+Area

= Brodmann area = From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Brodmann areas 3D         Lateral surface of the brain with Brodmann's areas numbered. Medial surface of the brain with Brodmann's areas numbered. A **Brodmann area** is a region of the [|cerebral cortex] defined based on its [|cytoarchitectonics], or structure and organization of cells. [ [|hide] ] *  [|1 History]
 * == Contents ==
 * [|2 Present importance]
 * [|3 Brodmann areas for human & non-human primates]
 * [|3.1 Clickable map: Lateral Surface]
 * [|3.2 Clickable map: Medial Surface]
 * [|4 Criticism]
 * [|5 See also]
 * [|6 References]
 * [|7 External links] ||

History
Brodmann areas were originally defined and numbered by the [|German] [|anatomist] [|Korbinian Brodmann] based on the [|cytoarchitectural] organization of [|neurons] he observed in the cerebral cortex using the [|Nissl] [|stain]. Brodmann published his maps of cortical areas in humans, monkeys, and other species in 1909 [|[1]], along with many other findings and observations regarding the general cell types and [|laminar organization] of the mammalian cortex. (The same Brodmann area number in different species does not necessarily indicate homologous areas [|[2]] .) A similar, but more detailed cortical map was published by [|Constantin von Economo] and [|Georg N. Koskinas] in 1925 [|[3]].

Present importance
Brodmann areas have been discussed, debated, refined, and renamed exhaustively for nearly a century and remain the most widely known and frequently cited cytoarchitectural organization of the human cortex. Many of the areas Brodmann defined based solely on their neuronal organization have since been correlated closely to diverse cortical functions. For example, Brodmann areas 1, 2 and 3 are the [|primary somatosensory cortex] ; area 4 is the [|primary motor cortex] ; area 17 is the [|primary visual cortex] ; and areas 41 and 42 correspond closely to [|primary auditory cortex]. Higher order functions of the [|association cortical areas] are also consistently localized to the same Brodmann areas by [|neurophysiological], [|functional imaging] , and other methods (e.g., the consistent localization of [|Broca's] speech and language area to the left Brodmann areas 44 and 45). However, functional imaging can only identify the approximate localization of brain activations in terms of Brodmann areas since their actual boundaries in any individual brain requires its [|histological] examination.

Brodmann areas for human & non-human primates
(*) Area only found in non-human [|primates]. Some of the original Brodmann areas have been subdivided further, e.g., "23a" and "23b". [|[5]]
 * [|Areas 3, 1 & 2 - Primary Somatosensory Cortex] (frequently referred to as Areas 3, 1, 2 by convention)
 * [|Area 4 - Primary Motor Cortex]
 * [|Area 5 - Somatosensory Association Cortex]
 * [|Area 6] - [|Premotor cortex] and Supplementary Motor Cortex (Secondary Motor Cortex)( [|Supplementary motor area] )
 * [|Area 7 - Somatosensory Association Cortex]
 * [|Area 8] - Includes [|Frontal eye fields]
 * [|Area 9] - [|Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex]
 * [|Area 10] - [|Anterior prefrontal cortex] (most rostral part of superior and middle frontal gyri)
 * [|Area 11] - [|Orbitofrontal area] (orbital and rectus gyri, plus part of the rostral part of the superior frontal gyrus)
 * [|Area 12] - [|Orbitofrontal area] (used to be part of BA11, refers to the area between the superior frontal gyrus and the inferior rostral sulcus)
 * [|Area 13] and [|Area 14] * - [|Insular cortex]
 * [|Area 15] * - Anterior Temporal Lobe
 * [|Area 17] - [|Primary visual cortex (V1)]
 * [|Area 18] - [|Secondary visual cortex (V2)]
 * [|Area 19] - [|Associative visual cortex (V3)]
 * [|Area 20] - [|Inferior temporal gyrus]
 * [|Area 21] - [|Middle temporal gyrus]
 * [|Area 22] - [|Superior temporal gyrus], of which the caudal part is usually considered to contain the [|Wernicke's area]
 * [|Area 23] - Ventral [|Posterior cingulate cortex]
 * [|Area 24] - Ventral [|Anterior cingulate cortex].
 * [|Area 25] - Subgenual cortex (part of the [|Ventromedial prefontal cortex] ) [|[4]]
 * [|Area 26] - [|Ectosplenial] portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex
 * [|Area 27] - [|Piriform cortex]
 * [|Area 28] - Posterior [|Entorhinal Cortex]
 * [|Area 29] - Retrosplenial [|cingulate cortex]
 * [|Area 30] - Part of [|cingulate cortex]
 * [|Area 31] - Dorsal [|Posterior cingulate cortex]
 * [|Area 32] - Dorsal [|anterior cingulate cortex]
 * [|Area 33] - Part of [|anterior cingulate cortex]
 * [|Area 34] - Anterior [|Entorhinal Cortex] (on the [|Parahippocampal gyrus] )
 * [|Area 35] - [|Perirhinal cortex] (on the [|Parahippocampal gyrus] )
 * [|Area 36] - [|Parahippocampal cortex] (on the [|Parahippocampal gyrus] )
 * [|Area 37] - [|Fusiform gyrus]
 * [|Area 38] - [|Temporopolar] area (most rostral part of the superior and middle temporal gyri)
 * [|Area 39] - [|Angular gyrus], considered by some to be part of [|Wernicke's area]
 * [|Area 40] - [|Supramarginal gyrus] considered by some to be part of [|Wernicke's area]
 * [|Areas 41 & 42 - Primary and Auditory Association Cortex]
 * [|Area 43] - Primary gustatory cortex
 * [|Area 44] - [|pars opercularis], part of [|Broca's area]
 * [|Area 45] - [|pars triangularis] [|Broca's area]
 * [|Area 46] - [|Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex]
 * [|Area 47] - [|Inferior prefontal gyrus]
 * [|Area 48] - [|Retrosubicular area] (a small part of the medial surface of the temporal lobe)
 * [|Area 49] - [|Parasubiculum] area in a rodent
 * [|Area 52] - [|Parainsular] area (at the junction of the temporal lobe and the [|insula] )

Criticism
When von Bonin and Bailey constructed a brain map for the [|macaque] monkey they found the description of Brodmann inadequate and wrote: //Brodmann (1907), it is true, prepared a map of the human brain which has been widely reproduced, but, unfortunately, the data on which it was based was never published// [|[6]] They instead used the cytoarchitechtonic scheme of [|Constantin von Economo] and [|Georg N. Koskinas] published in 1925 [|[7]] which had the "only acceptable detailed description of the human cortex".